Replica Watches: 2013-11

2013-11-30

Telescope to track space junk using youth radio station

The inaugural research project spearheaded by Curtin University in Western Australia, will use the newly operational Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), one of three precursor telescopes for the $2billion Square Kilometre Array project, to detect radio waves reflecting off thousands of objects orbiting Earth.

The study has already tracked radio waves from FM transmitters located near Perth and Geraldton bouncing off the International Space Station as it passed over WA, approximately 500 kilometres above Earth's surface.

Team leader Professor Steven Tingay, Director of the MWA at Curtin University and Chief Investigator in the Australian Research Council Centre for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) said the MWA will be able to detect the space junk by listening in to the radio signals generated by stations including popular youth network Triple J.

"We have shown that we are able to detect approximately 10 pieces of space junk simultaneously. Over time this means we are in a position to monitor a significant fraction of the space junk that is in Earth orbits," Professor Tingay explained.

The importance of this is that space debris is unpredictable and poses a significant collision risk to expensive space infrastructure, such as communication satellites, according to Professor Tingay.

"An early warning system has the potential to protect the billions of dollars' worth of vital infrastructure orbiting Earth but also prevent collisions that will result in even more space debris being generated, such as what happened in the case of the Iridium 33 satellite in 2009*[1]," he said.

Being one of the first completed studies undertaken using the $51 million MWA, the results are important as they confirm the revolutionary astronomy tool is functioning in line with expectations.

"The MWA was designed to be the most powerful low frequency radio telescope in the Southern Hemisphere and this was our chance to test its capabilities," Professor Tingay said.

"Prior to undertaking the study we had calculated how strong we expected the signals to be using simulations and theory.

"The measurements we took as part of the study were spot on in agreement with our calculations.

"This is an excellent result and bodes well for the other MWA science projects that are currently underway -- including the most detailed study to date of the Epoch of Reionisation, the first billion years after the Big Bang."

The idea to use the MWA for tracking space debris came from an earlier study by Ben McKinley, a CAASTRO PhD student at The Australian National University, who was able to image the Moon using reflected FM signals and calculate the likelihood that alien civilisations were listening in on us.

"CAASTRO's emphasis on all-sky astronomy naturally leads to this new capability with the MWA, showing that astrophysics research can cross over into having significant benefits for people in everyday life," Professor Tingay concluded.

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Bone grafting improvements with help of sea coral

Nov. 29, 2013 — Sea coral could soon be used more extensively in bone grafting procedures thanks to new research that has refined the material's properties and made it more compatible with natural bone.

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By partially converting calcium carbonate―found in the exoskeleton of sea coral―into coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA), the refined material, called coralline hydroxyapatite/calcium carbonate (CHACC), has been shown to 'considerably improve' the outcome of bone grafts in 16 patients.

The results of the small clinical study, which have been published in IOP Publishing's journal Biomedical Materials, showed that bone healing was observed in each of the patients after four months and that the CHACC had fully biodegraded after two years.

CHA derived from sea coral has been used for many years as a successful bone graft material; however, its use has been limited to specific bones because it does not fully biodegrade.

The corresponding author of the research Zhidao Xia from Swansea University said: "Our methods have considerably improved the outcome of bone grafts by using the partial conversion technique, in which the biodegradable composition from natural coral is reserved. It works in a very similar way to commercially available CHA for conductive bone regeneration, but the better biodegradation properties are compatible with the host tissue's natural bone turnover process.

"When biomaterials do not biodegrade and remain in skeletal tissue, they may continuously cause problems in the host. In extreme conditions, it is possible that the different mechanical properties of the artificial bone graft may cause a re-fracture or become a source for bacterium growth in infection."

CHACC could become a promising alternative to an autograft, which uses pieces of bone from another part of the patient's body to regrow new bone in the injured area. Besides only having a limited stock, an autograft can cause discomfort, pain and long-term impairment in the area that the bone is taken from.

In their study, the researchers, from the UK and China, harvested sea coral from South China and partially converted the calcium carbonate into CHA to form CHACC.

According to the paper, the CHACC composition, which contains 15 per cent of CHA in a thin layer around the calcium carbonate, has the strong, porous structure that has made CHA commercially successful, but contains significantly improved biodegrading properties to support natural bone healing.

In their study, the researchers constructed CHACC and tested its physical and chemical properties using a number of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The CHACC was then mixed with human mesenchymal stem cells and implanted subcutaneously in mice for 10 weeks. The results showed that new bone formation was visible on the surface of the CHACC.

In a preliminary clinical study, 16 patients (11 male and five female) with a range of four different bone defects were surgically implanted with CHACC. Results showed there was clinical bone healing four months after surgery and the majority of the implanted CHACC degraded after 18 to 24 months in each patient.

Bone remodeling can be a complex and slow process by which old bone is continuously replaced by new bone tissue. In the case of fracture healing, the complete remodelling phase can take between three and five years depending on the individual, so a synthetic bone graft must biodegrade within a time window that relates to the natural bone remodelling cycle.

The researchers acknowledge that there is some way to go until the material can match the benefits of an autograft and be used on the several million people worldwide who undergo bone grafting procedures each year.

"Although our study has provided promising results, the CHACC material does not contain a bone organic matrix, living cells and the ability to induce, rather than conduct, new bone formation. Therefore, our future work is to combine controlled growth factor delivery and stem cell technology in order to develop an even better solution for bone graft materials." continued Xia.

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Architects of nanoworld behind the screens

Nov. 29, 2013 — New types of building blocks for electronics will be the future, that is clear for researcher Nauta. "It is already possible to give a molecule the functionality of a transistor. But compare that to the huge complexity of current chips, with eight or nine 'highways' above each other, connecting all elements. How to reach this using these new molecules? There's still a huge gap there. Silicon research and industry has shown an immense effort, that's still going on for some time." Nauta stresses that current chips like microprocessors already contain billions of transistor with sizes in the nanometer domain. Microelectronics had become nanoelectronics already. "They are so small, around 22 nanometer, that you can count the individual atoms."

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Not self-evident at all

In his lecture 'The invisible circuit', Nauta asks his audience to imagine a world without chips. "If we wouldn't have chips in our daily life, suddenly a lot of things like social media and internet, aren't possible anymore. That would really mean 'back to the fifties'." That is: almost back to the time the very first transistor was invented, in 1947. Still, we take it for granted whenever there is a new generation of smartphones, tablets or other gadgets in the shops. "This is not self-evident at all. This requires top research and huge investments in new chip factories." Nauta's own group, one of the world's leading groups in chip design, delivered several inventions that found their way to smart phones and TV's. A well-known example is their noise-cancelling circuit that surprised the semiconductor world at first, but is a textbook example by now.

Cognitive radio

Nauta specializes in circuits translating the analogue outside world into the digital inside of the smartphone: the part of the circuitry taking care of transmitting and receiving, or 'radio'. Complexity is growing rapidly there: with more and more mobile standards, a good quality has to be guaranteed with low noise, and if possible, using less energy. And all that on the tiniest possible silicon surface. "For each standard, you would need a separate filter. But that would take far too much surface. We now develop a filter that is tunable and can be integrated on-chip. That's a development the whole world is looking at, because integration of conventional filters is almost impossible. Within five years, it will be commercially available." This new type of filter would also be the candidate for new radio techniques employing every free part of the frequency spectrum, so-called cognitive radio.

Even if Moore's Law, that predicts a doubling of the amount of components on every square millimeter of silicon every two years, comes to a halt due to physical limits, a creative designer still has years to go, according to Nauta. These physical limits have been pushed for decades now: as long as it is viable economically, industry will keep investing.

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The more the better: Polyandry in salamanders

For a long time, it was assumed that females in the animal world are monogamous, that is, they mate with only one male. Males, in contrast, can increase their reproductive success by mating with several females. Nowadays, however, polyandry is assumed to be the rule in the animal world and monogamy to be more of an exception.

Currently, researchers from completely different disciplines are interested in why females mate with several males and what benefits this brings for them or their offspring. There is a particular interest in studies that permit insights and conclusions on these processes under completely natural conditions. As a rule, however, such studies are hard to implement without disturbing the individuals or studying their mating behaviour completely or partially in the laboratory.

Researchers at Bielefeld University's Chair of Animal Behaviour in the group of Dr. Barbara Caspers, Dr. Sebastian Steinfartz, research group leader at the TU Braunschweig, and Professor Michael Kopp from Aix-Marseille University have studied the influence of mating behaviour on the number of offspring in the black and yellow fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), a widespread European tailed amphibian species. Over the course of the spring season, a female salamander can deposit up to 50 living larvae in small streams and ponds. For their study, the scientists captured female salamanders on their way to deposit their larvae in a forest and took the pregnant females to the laboratory where they deposited their larvae. Every day, the scientists collected the new-born larvae, took a small tissue sample, and returned both mothers and their larvae to the forest. By subjecting these tissue samples to genetic paternity analyses, the researchers could precisely reconstruct how many males each female had mated with and whether or not the sperm of the different males had been mixed -- female salamanders can store the sperm of different males for several months in internal receptive organs called spermathecae. The eggs of the female will only be fertilized with the stored sperm, if environmental conditions are optimal and after eggs have developed into full larvae these are deposited in streams and ponds.

It is important to stress that the sperm from the male are deposited on the ground as a sperm packet (called spermatophore) during courtship display, and that the female then actively picks up the spermatophore. Afterwards, the female can decide from which males she will accept sperm or not. Through paternity analyses, the researchers were able to show that some females had mated with as many as four different males. The mixing of the sperm from various males in the spermatheca of the female seems to have quite positive effects, leading to more eggs being fertilized and, as a result, more larvae were finally deposited. Accordingly, polyandry and sperm competition seems to be an important mechanism to increase reproductive success and therefore fitness of a female in this terrestrial vertebrate species.

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Research Glasgow to measure gravitational waves

2013/11/29

LISA Pathfinder Scottish technology will be at the heart of an space mission to detect the ripples in space-time caused by some of the most violent events in the universe.

The European Space Agency (ESA) has announced that one of its next two ‘large’ (L-class) missions will be to establish a gravitational wave observatory in space.

Known as the evolved Laser Interferometry Space Antenna (eLISA), the mission is planned to launch in 2034 and will build upon technologies already developed by scientists at the University of Glasgow’s Institute for Gravitational Research (IGR) for the ESA’s LISA Pathfinder probe (pictured), due for launch in 2015. The pathfinder will demonstrate technology including the Glasgow-built optical measurement system.

“It’s testament to the excellence of the work going on in Scotland today that a considerable part of the technology that will allow us to answer the most fundamental of questions will be developed by the University of Glasgow,” said Dr Harry Ward, who leads Glasgow’s eLISA work.

ELISA aims to detect gravitational waves made by the earliest black holes, and probably by the Big Bang, said the University and, “by observing how waves from early black holes are stretched out as they move toward us through the expanding Universe, the observatory will shed light on the mystery of dark energy”.

Between 2014 and 2020, eLISA technology will be optimised, followed by final mission selection and commitment of international partners. In 2024 industrial implementation will begin, with the payload supplied by a European consortium which also provides the flight hardware for LISA Pathfinder.

According to ESA, the Pathfinder will have two test masses in “a near-perfect gravitational free-fall, and control and measure their motion with unprecedented accuracy”. To do this it will use inertial sensors, laser metrology, a drag-free control system and a precise micro-propulsion system.

The masses are 46mm gold-platinum cubes, whose relative motion will be measured to 1pm (10^-12m using laser interferometry). The intention is to detect waves with periods of a few seconds to a few hours (10^-1 to 10^-4Hz).

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2013-11-29

Power 30V mosfet slides under 1milliohm

2013/11/29

APEC 500 Rated at 260A, Advanced Power Electronics’ AP1A003GMT-HF-3 power mosfet has a maximum on-resistance of only 0.99mΩ.

“Provided in a PMPAK5x6 package with integrated thermal pad and with a standard SO-8 footprint compatible with other enhanced 5x6mm power packages, the mosfet features simple gate drive requirements and a breakdown voltage rating of 30V,” said the firm.

It is RoHS-compliant and BFR/halogen-free.

Samples are available now.

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General Mini camera uses ST image processing to help visually-impaired

2013/11/29

OrCam camera module

A new miniature camera which clips on to glasses to improve the mobility and ability of visually-impaired people, has been developed by OrCam Technologies.

The camera is built around a 5.1 mega-pixel camera module and low-power digital image processor from STMicroelectronics.

The ST VX6953 camera module and STV0987 image processor will analyse and interpret the scene before the device aurally describes it to the user.

“The OrCam camera reads a scene or text in different lighting conditions and on a variety of surfaces, including newspapers and signs. Moreover, while the camera comes with a pre-stored library of objects, the wearer can continue to teach OrCam new objects as they use it,” said the company.

“Camera module’s EDOF (Extended Depth Of Field) capability enabled us to work with a fixed-focus camera, and thus saved us space, power and the time it takes auto-focus modules to adjust to changing situations,” said Prof. Amnon Shashua, co-founder and chairman of OrCam Technologies.

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Business Cheaper Q4 wafers as utilisation falls

2013/11/29

Intel wafer plus man 260 x 210 Wafers are getting cheaper, reports Digitimes. A fall in capacity utilisation rates has caused foundries to cut prices to get business.

Taiwan’s three biggest foundries, TSMC, UMC and Vanguard will see collective revenues drop 9.4% in Q4 compared to Q3, mainly as a result of lower ASPs.

Combined revenues are expected to come in at $6.12 billion down from $6.76 billion in Q3.

Q3 saw a 4.4% sequential increase on Q2 which is low for the traditionally strongest quarter of the year.

A negative for the Taiwanese foundries is that Samsung and GloFo have ben getting better 28nm yields which has meant that demand for TSMC’s 28nm process has slowed.

The foundry industry has also been hurt by the decline in PC sales and lower than expected sales of smartphones.

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Business Imec reduces processing cost of solar cells while increasing efficiency.

2013/11/29

Imec has used a laser doping process to reduce the cost of producing i-PERC solar cells while increasing their efficiency to 20.2%.

“Cost-of-ownership and process simplicity are key factor for the industry to adopt new technologies,” says Imec’s Jozef Szlufcik, “our achievement, implying a substantial simplification of the i-PERC manufacturing process, is an important step towards reducing the cost-of-ownership of i-PERC technology and as such, a milestone in bringing this high-efficiency technology for silicon solar cells to the market.”

Imec used large area (156x156mm2) i-PERC silicon cells on p-type Cz-Si.

The a laser doping processing sequence eliminates the need of a furnace firing step to realise the local aluminium Back Surface Field (BSF). Replacement of the high-temperature ste, avoids passivation degradation of the rear (Al2O3) layer created by atomic layer deposition (ALD).

The replacement laser doping step is also said to avoid optical degradation of the rear dielectric/metal stack that generates higher conversion efficiencies. The new process sequence is said to be extremely simple as the thin ALD (Al2O3) acts at the same time as passivation layer and doping source, while laser processing enables in one step the contact patterning and the local BSF formation.

In addition, the high Fill Factor of the cells (up to 80%) indicates an excellent contact quality, according to imec.

Combined with imec’s Ni/Cu plating sequence for front contact formation, a low temperature metallisation solution for i-PERC cells has been developed.

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Business ARM extends engineer accreditation programme to Shenzhen

2013/11/29

ARM and the National IC Design Shenzhen Industrial Center (SZICC) have agreed to bring the ARM Accredited Engineer (AAE) Program to Shenzhen, Southern China.

The partnership will deliver official courses in ARM technology to the city’s aspiring and established electronics engineers.

The AAE Program is the only global accreditation program available to engineers wishing to gain credible evidence of their expertise in the ARM architecture. Over 600 local participants are expected to qualify over the next two years.

By partnering with SZICC and local institutions ARM is supporting the cultivation of Shenzhen’s engineering talent.

The AAE Program provides a consistent and comprehensive learning framework and helps HR departments to benchmark job applicants.

A pipeline of consistently qualified engineering talent benefits both Shenzhen’s electronics industry and the ARM ecosystem, which has 150 Chinese partners.

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Study suggests why, in some species, mere presence of males shortens females' lifespan

Nov. 28, 2013 — Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have discovered that males of the laboratory roundworm secrete signaling molecules that significantly shorten the lifespan of the opposite sex.

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The scientists speculate that, if carried out after reproduction, this "male-induced demise" could serve to conserve precious resources for a male's offspring or to decrease the supply of mates for other males.

For several years, it's been known that the presence of some male worms and flies can shorten the lifespan of their female or hermaphroditic counterparts. But it's not been clear why. Some researchers have speculated that the physical stress of mating may lead to their early death.

The Stanford research, however, suggests something more than sex is to blame -- specifically, that the males are carrying out a calculated plan at the molecular level to off the baby-makers after they've done their jobs.

The researchers studied the common laboratory roundworm, known as Caenorhabditis elegans, or C. elegans. The 1-millimeter-long, translucent worms generally live for about 20 days, and a normal population consists of about 0.01 to 0.1 percent males. The remainder consists of hermaphrodites, which have both male and female reproductive organs. Although hermaphrodites can self-fertilize, they can produce more offspring if they mate with a male.

"We've found that males induce the expression of a large number of genes involved in sensation and signaling in hermaphrodites," said Anne Brunet, PhD, associate professor of genetics. "This raises the possibility that the male-induced demise is not just due to the physical stress of copulation but instead involves some degree of active signaling. Indeed, we found that just placing hermaphrodites on plates where males had previously been present was sufficient to induce the premature demise of hermaphrodites."

Brunet is the senior author of the study, published Nov. 28 in Science Express. Postdoctoral scholar Travis Maures, PhD, is the lead author.

Brunet's research shows that males can initiate the killing process even across distances. But as tempting as it is to extend the findings to mammals and -- dare we say it? -- humans, it would likely backfire in situations where mothers, or parents, are needed to rear the young.

"In worms, once the male has mated and eggs are produced, the hermaphrodite mother can be discarded," Brunet said. "The C. elegans mother is not needed to care for the baby worms. Why should it be allowed to stay around and eat? Also, if she dies, no other male can get to her and thus introduce his genes into the gene pool."

The researchers found that the continuous presence of young males shortened the average lifespan of C. elegans hermaphrodites by more than 20 percent. This effect persisted even when the genders were prevented from co-mingling, or when the hermaphrodites were sterile -- indicating that neither the physical stress of copulation nor the energy demands of producing offspring were entirely responsible for early death. Affected hermaphrodites also displayed symptoms of aging, including slower movement, an increased incidence of paralysis, general decrepitude and structural decline.

"Even long-lived and stress-resistant hermaphrodites were highly susceptible to the premature demise induced by males," said Brunet, who specializes in the study of longevity in worms and other animals.

Finally, when the researchers placed hermaphrodites on laboratory dishes that had formerly contained male worms, those hermaphrodites also exhibited a shortened lifespan, indicating that the males had left behind some substance that was affecting the hermaphrodites.

There was one way to ameliorate the effect, however.

"Males that are deficient in pheromone production no longer induce a strong premature demise of hermaphrodites," Brunet said, "and hermaphrodites that cannot sense pheromones are resistant to male-induced demise."

Pheromones are soluble, diffusible chemical compounds produced by many animals to trigger social or behavioral reactions among members of the same species across distances. Although it's as yet unclear how or when the roundworm males secrete the unidentified pheromones, the effect was evident when the researchers investigated the gene expression profiles of the affected hermaphrodites.

In particular, they observed large changes in hermaphrodite gene expression that occurred only in the presence of males. Many of these changes affected genes expressed in neurons or involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Blocking the expression of one gene in particular, an insulin-like peptide known as INS-11, specifically impeded male-induced demise.

The studies conducted by the researchers in C. elegans used a much higher proportion of males to hermaphrodites than normally occurs. However, Brunet feels the effect of even a few males may be exacerbated once mating has occurred -- particularly if the unknown pheromones are secreted in the seminal fluid. The effect on non-mating populations (the hermaphrodites added to the plate after the males have been removed) could be explained by the seminal fluid secreted by the males that, without access to nearby hermaphrodites, attempt unsuccessfully to copulate with other, nearby males.

Although the researchers first studied a domesticated strain of C. elegans, they were also able to observe male-induced demise in a wild strain of C. elegans, as well as in two other, distantly related species of worm -- confirming that the phenomenon has been conserved over about 20 to 30 million years of evolution. The male-induced demise even occurred in species of roundworm that have true males and true females in an equal mix (similar to mammals), suggesting that this phenomenon is not just due to idiosyncrasies of C. elegans such as hermaphroditism or a low proportion of males.

"The observation that this male-induced demise is present in several species of worms and has also been shown in flies suggests that it could have some adaptive benefits," Brunet said. "It will be interesting, of course, to determine whether males also affect the lifespan of females in other species, particularly mammals."

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